ANNOUNCED: Vizantiya imperiyasining vorisligi

Vizantiya imperiyasining qulashi va undan keyingi davrda uning merosiga da’vo qilish masalasi nafaqat geopolitik jihatdan, balki Vizantiya aristokratiyasi va ularning avlodlari orasida ham katta bahs-munozara mavzusi bo‘lib kelgan. Tarixan eng mashhur da’volar Usmonli imperiyasi, Rossiya imperiyasi, va G‘arbiy Yevropadagi turli aristokratlar tomonidan ilgari surilgan. Usmonli imperiyasi 1453-yilda Vizantiyani zabt qilgan va sobiq poytaxt Konstantinopoldan boshqargan. Rossiya esa Sharq pravoslav cherkovini himoya qiluvchi eng qudratli davlat sifatida da’vo qilgan. G‘arbiy Yevropadagi ba’zi shaxslar esa o‘z kelib chiqishini imperator sulolalari bilan shartli bog‘lab, da’volar ilgari surgan. 29-may 1453-yilda Konstantinopol Usmonlilarga tushdi, so‘nggi imperator Konstantin XI Palaiologos jangda halok bo‘ldi. Vizantiya imperiyasi qadimgi Rim imperiyasining o‘rta asr davomidagi davomchisi bo‘lib, poytaxti IV asrda birinchi xristian imperatori Konstantin buyuk tomonidan Rimdan Konstantinopolga ko‘chirilgan. Vizantiya imperiyasida odatda merosxo‘rlik amalda bo‘lgan bo‘lsa-da, hukmronlik tizimi Qadimgi Rim byurokratiyasiga asoslangan bo‘lib, g‘arbiy Yevropadagi odatdagi merosxo‘rlik g‘oyalari to‘liq tatbiq qilinmagan. Yangi hukmdorni tayinlash ko‘pincha murakkab jarayon bo‘lgan, imperiyada rasmiy vorislik qonunlari mavjud bo‘lmagan. Noto‘g‘ri kelib chiqqan avlod, farzandlik, qabul qilish yoki to‘ntarish orqali meros olish noqonuniy hisoblanmagan, va ko‘pincha imperator Konstantinopolni nazorat qilgan shaxs sifatida qabul qilingan. Ko‘pgina mashhur sulolalar taxtni qo‘lga kiritish orqali tashkil etilgan. Shu sababli, Konstantinopolni zabt etgan Usmonli sulton Mehmed II ham o‘zini yangi imperator, Kayser-i Rûm, deb e’lon qilgan. Biroq, Usmonlilarning bu da’vosi xalqaro miqyosda tan olinmagan. Rossiya tarixan Palaiologos sulolasi bilan nikoh orqali va Sharq pravoslav cherkovini boshqaruvchi eng qudratli davlat sifatida Vizantiya merosini o‘zlashtirishga uringan. Bu da’voni Rossiya bir necha marta Rus–turk urushlarida kuchga kiritishga harakat qilgan. 1453-yildan keyin Usmonlilardan qochgan Vizantiya aristokratlari asosan Palaiologos sulolasining tirik a’zolarini kelajak imperatorlari sifatida ko‘rgan. Ba’zilar Konstantin XI ning akasi Demetrios Palaiologos (1407–1470) ni taxtga chiqirishni taklif qilgan. Demetrios bunga qarshilik qilgan va 1460-yilda Usmonlilar tomonidan ushlangan. 1483-yilda Konstantin XI ning jiyani Andreas Palaiologos (1453–1502) Italiyada qochqinlikda o‘zini haqiqiy imperator deb e’lon qilgan. Palaiologos sulolasining oxirgi erkak chiziqdagi haqiqiy vorislari XVI asr boshlarida, Montferrat marquisining 1533-yildagi vafoti bilan tugagan. Biroq, bu holat soxta da’vogarlar, yolg‘onchi avlodlar va eksentrik shaxslarning qadimgi imperatorlar, shu jumladan Palaiologlar va sobiq hukmron sulolalardan meros olishga da’vogar bo‘lishiga to‘sqinlik qilmagan. Ba’zilar hatto imperatorlik unvonini ham talab qilgan. Ba’zi oilalar nisbatan keng tan olingan, masalan, Angelo Flavio Comneno sulolasi, Angelos sulolasining avlodlari sifatida o‘zini ko‘rsatgan. Hozirgi kunda ham ba’zi Vizantiya da’vogarlar faoliyat yuritmoqda, garchi Vizantiya imperiyasida rasmiy vorislik qonunlari bo‘lmagani sababli haqiqiy merosxo‘rni aniqlash imkonsiz bo‘lsa ham. Bunday shaxslar ko‘pincha soxta ritsarlar ordenlari bilan ham birga namoyon bo‘lgan, ular Vizantiya bilan sun’iy bog‘lanishga ega bo‘lgan bo‘lsa-da, Vizantiya dunyosida ritsarlar ordenlari umuman mavjud bo‘lmagan. XIX asrda eng mashhur soxta da’vogar Demetrios Rhodocanakis (1840–1902) bo‘lgan, shuningdek undan keyin ham bir necha kamroq muvaffaqiyatli soxta da’vogarlar paydo bo‘lgan. Palaiologos merosiga haqiqiyroq da’volar asosan yuridik merosxo‘rlik yoki ayol chiziqdagi vorislik asosida ilgari surilgan. XVI asrdan 1884-yilgacha, Tocco oilasi — Andreas Palaiologosning otasi Tomas Palaiologosning eng katta ayol chiziqdagi vorislari — Vizantiya imperator sulolasining haqiqiy merosxo‘ri sifatida da’vo qilgan, garchi ular hech qanday imperator unvonini talab qilmagan. Shuningdek, 1494–1566-yillarda Fransiya qirollari rasmiy ravishda Konstantinopolning sarlavhali imperatorlari sifatida da’vo qilgan. Bu da’vo Andreas Palaiologos tomonidan 1494-yilda Sharl VIII ga sarlavha sotilgan deb asoslangan bo‘lsa-da, keyinchalik Andreas bu savdoni bekor deb hisoblagan.

Vizantiya imperiyasi qadimgi Rim imperiyasining o‘rta asr davomidagi davomi bo‘lib, uning poytaxti IV asrda Rimning birinchi xristian imperatori Konstantin buyuk tomonidan Rimdan Konstantinopolga ko‘chirilgan^[1][2]. “Vizantiya” atamasi tarixiy tadqiqotlarda ishlatiladigan nom bo‘lib, imperiya aholisi o‘zlarini “rimliklar” deb atashgan va imperiyasini “Rim imperiyasi” deb nomlagan^[3]. Qadimgi Rim imperatorlarining vorisi sifatida, Vizantiya imperatori (rasmiy unvoni: Rim imperatori, keyinchalik Rim imperatori va Avtokrat) deyarli mutlaq hokimiyatga ega bo‘lgan: u eng yuqori sudya, yagona qonunchi, eng oliy harbiy qo‘mondon va xristian cherkovining himoyachisi hisoblangan^[4]. Qadimgi Rimda, xristianlikdan oldin, imperatorlar o‘zlarini diniy shaxs sifatida e’lon qilgan va siyosiy va diniy itoat birlashtirilgan edi. Xristianlikni qabul qilgandan so‘ng, imperator mutlaq hokimiyati shunday izohlangan: imperator o‘zi ilohiy emas, lekin Yer yuzida Iso Masihning ruxsati bilan boshqaruvchi sifatida qaralgan. Imperatorning Rim imperiyasi va xristianlik rahbari sifatidagi roli imperiya ichida hech qachon shubha ostiga olinmagan^[5]. Shu sababli, Vizantiya imperatorlik ideologiyasi Qadimgi Rim ideologiyasining davomchisi bo‘lgan. Vizantiyaliklar imperatorni hech kimga bo‘ysunmaydigan, faqat Allohga hisob beradigan shaxs sifatida ko‘rgan^[6]. Imperatorning Yer yuzidagi ilohiy vakili sifatidagi roli uning jismoniy mukammalligini ta’kidlagan: tananing nuqsonlari yoki ayrim holatlar uni hokimlikka nomuvofiq qilgan. Masalan, ko‘rlik ko‘pincha vorisni taxtga nomuvofiq hisoblashga olib kelgan, shuning uchun Vizantiya tarixida ko‘plab taxt da’vogarlar ko‘zlari ojiz qilingan^[2].

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